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Authors
Katushabe, Phiona
Kizito, Dennison
Nassuna, Charity Angella
Mutyaba, Joseph Kikwabanga
Lule, Swaib A.
Nakanjako, Gladys Kiggundu
Babi, Nackson
Ssembajjwe, Wilber
Kayizi, Tonny
Bahati, Milton
Esau, Martin
Atim, Stella
Kivumbi, Brian
Muwawu, Teddy Nakayiki
Nteza, Deogratius
Enyel, Eric Morris
Namatovu, Alice
Balinandi, Stephen
Sekamatte, Musa
Kalema-Zikusoka, Gladys
Atimnedi, Patrick
Lutwama, Julius J.
Nyakarahuka, Luke
Ndumu, Deo B.
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Wanyana, Erinah
Namagga, Teddy
Odongo, David
Nviiri, Raymond
Nassolo, Justine
Haumba, Mercy
Agaba, Collins
Nalukwago, Ruth Stephans
Mughebwa, Gorreti
Khayiyi, Daphine Joy
Nadiru, Caroline
Julius, Mugga
Fred, Senfuka
Ongodia, George
John, Lwanga
Wekaalo, Simon
Ogwal, Ssali
Paul, Ebenezer
Mutesi, Charity
Monero, Amina
Nyamor, Caroline
Sekamatte, Abdulzak
Okware, Sam
Baptist, Musoke John
Kamugisha, Kilama
Akurut, Gloria
Field, Nigel
Franklinos, Lydia
Fuller, Naomi
Gibbs, Rory
Tweed, Sam
Seeley, Janet
Ferguson, Laura
Anderson, Michelle
Emoto, Sarah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Development Research Centre (109807-001)
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Uganda Virus Research Institute- Research Ethics Committee (UVRI-REC), approval number- GC/127/875. Data collection tools and other relevant documents (Good Clinical Practice, and Good Clinical Laboratory Practice) were submitted to the UVRI-REC for initial review, ethical monitoring, and approval of the research project. Permission was sought from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) for animal welfare, rights, and protection. The approved documents were submitted to the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST), registration number- HS2053ES which is the regulatory and accreditation body for all Research Ethics Committees in Uganda for further review and final approval. During data and sample collection, permission was sought from herd owners as written consent and their data were kept confidential.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
