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Article History

Received: 22 January 2026

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institute Animal Care and Use Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand (Protocol No. MUVS-2023-10-65) in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for animal welfare. Informed consent was obtained from the owners of all client-owned dogs prior to participation in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.