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Authors
Musiime, Edgar
Bwambale, Kelvin
Babirye, Priscilla
Lumu, Paul
Mutebi, Francis
Mugizi, Denis Rwabiita
Onyuth, Howard
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources Research and Ethics Committee, Makerere University (Approval No. SVAR/216/2024). Administrative permission to conduct the study was also granted by the Lyantonde District Veterinary Office (DVO). All animal procedures were performed by veterinary personnel licensed by the Uganda Veterinary Board (UVB) in accordance with the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the ARRIVE guidelines for animal research. For the human component, written informed consent was obtained from all participating farmers prior to animal sampling and interviews. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all data were anonymized and treated with strict confidentiality. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
