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Authors
Jacobs, Megan E.
Blea, Jeff
Hardy, Michael
McKemie, Daniel S.
Traynham, Megan
Knych, Heather K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Racing Medication and Testing Consortium
Horseracing Integrity and Welfare Unit
California Horse Racing Board
Horseracing Integrity and Safety Unit
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Article History
Received: 29 December 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
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: The animal study was reviewed and approved by the University of California Davis Animal Care and Use Committee and followed the ARRIVE guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
