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Authors
Nadia, Nadia
Numan, Muhammad
Khan, Ahmad H.
Rahman, Sudais
Batoool, Sidra
Sun, Zhihua
Alotaibi, Asma F.
Almutairi, Mashal M.
Ali, Abid
Aljasham, Alanoud T.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
King Saud University Saudi Arabia
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2026
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Declarations
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: The current study was approved by the Advanced Study and Research Board (Dir/A&R/AWKUM/2025/1709) of Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan. As the animals included in this study were free roaming (stray), no owner consent was applicable. Flea collection was conducted in public areas with minimal handling of animals. All procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines and were performed carefully to avoid harm, stress, or discomfort to the animals.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
