Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Klećkowska-Nawrot, Joanna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-8736
Badenhorst, Shaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6651-9660
Borawski, Wojciech https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0294-3777
Goździewska-Harłajczuk, Karolina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4412-1966
Aktaş, Abit https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-0021
Chrószcz, Aleksander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-549X
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The APC/BPC is financed by Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Poland).
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
:
: This study (using tissue and skulls from Poland) was conducted in accordance with Polish law (Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, Act of January 15, 2015, on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific or Educational Purposes) and European law (Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and Council, September 22, 2010, on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes). Both regulations state that studies involving tissues obtained post-mortem from Zoo Wrocław materials do not require the approval of the Ethics Committee. The animals of Zoo Wrocław were obtained based on the individual permits (No. PIW Wroc. UT-45/5/16 – Dr. Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, No. PIW Wroc. UT-45/6/16 – Dr. Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk) issued by the District Veterinary Officer in Wrocław (Poland). For the seven skulls of the African lion ( Panthera leo ) from the Institute of Evolutionary Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, permits are not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
