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Article History

Received: 4 March 2026

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures were approved by the Project Authorisation Board of the Regional State Administrative Agency in Finland (license ESAVI/39801/2023). The license matches the requirements of both the European Union legislation and the updated ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines for reporting in vivo experiments. The animals were purpose-bred for laboratory research and purchased from Envigo RMS B.V.

: Not applicable.

: Vetcare Ltd. partially funded this study. The sponsor had no involvement in study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the article for publication. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. MR and JH are named among inventors in a patent concerning vatinoxan; patent holder is Vetcare Ltd.