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Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Accepted: 14 April 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical review and approval were not required for this study because all procedures consisted of routine exercise, standard handling, and non-invasive jugular venipuncture performed by a licensed veterinarian as part of normal clinical monitoring. This was consistent with American Veterinary Medical Association guidelines for observational studies conducted within the scope of ordinary veterinary care. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners of all horses prior to participation.

: Written informed consent was obtained from the owners of all horses for publication of the results.

: The authors declare no competing interests.