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Article History

Received: 1 January 2026

Accepted: 14 April 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ambo University Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus Ethical Review Board. Before conducting the research, verbal consent was obtained from the livestock owners to collect blood samples from their animals for testing antibodies against the FMD Virus.All respondents (cattle owners) who participated in this study provided verbal consent before completing the questionnaire survey. The purpose, objectives, and procedures of the research were clearly explained in the local language (Afan Oromo), and each voluntary respondent gave verbal consent to participate. Before blood collection, the owners of the selected cattle received a detailed explanation of the sampling procedure and laboratory analysis, and they provided verbal consent. During the questionnaire survey and sample collection, no personal identifying information of the respondents’ cattle or farms was collected, reported, or analyzed; all data were analyzed and presented anonymously. Therefore, all cattle owners confirmed their informed consent before voluntarily participating in the study. In accordance with relevant national and institutional guidelines for veterinary epidemiological research, informed consent was deemed appropriate and was guaranteed for the study.

: Not applicable (N/A).

: The authors declare no competing interests.