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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All VDB complaint cases used in this study are classified as public records under Swedish freedom-of-information legislation. Therefore, no individual permissions or ethical approval were required for data collection. The data can be publicly accessed by requesting the complaint records from the Veterinary Disciplinary Board (VDB) at: . The governing legislation is the Swedish principle of public access, specifically the Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act (Offentlighets- och sekretesslagen, OSL 2009:400) and the Freedom of the Press Act (Tryckfrihetsförordningen, TF 1949:105). No personal or identifying information is included in the manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.