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Article History

Received: 26 February 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 9 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: According to the Ethics Committee of the University of Córdoba, no specific ethical approval was required, as the project involved routine professional procedures that fall outside the scope of current legislation (Real Decreto 53/2013, of February 1 st, which establishes the basic standards for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching . Official publication: Boletín Oficial del Estado (B.O.E); number: 34/2013; publication date: 8 February 2013; page number: 11370–11421). All interventions were performed in accordance with the Code of Good Veterinary Practice [ ]. The study was conducted under a formal collaboration agreement and received written authorization from the National Police Special Units Headquarters (Document Registration Number: S2025005500500000982).

Consent for publication: Written informed consent for the publication of images and videos was obtained from the rider/handler of the horses.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.