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Article History

Received: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used two fresh eyes from the same experimental rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): a 12‑year‑old male with no documented ocular abnormalities. It should be noted that these eyes were obtained from an experimental macaque that was euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study; no live animals were used, nor was any direct euthanasia performed for the purposes of this research. After the death of the experimental macaque, the eyes were cleaned with sterile saline and placed in sterile saline‑filled reagent bottles for transport on ice. Experiments were completed within 8 hours of enucleation to preserve the viability of the ocular tissues as much as possible, prevent tissue degradation, and minimize potential effects on the experimental results.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.