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Authors
Sedina, Makhado P.
Njoga, Emmanuel O.
Jaja, Ishmael F.
Oguttu, James W.
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (Ref: 2020/CAES_HREC/014). Informed consent was obtained from all participating cattle owners. Animal handling procedures prioritised welfare and minimised stress, and all personnel involved in data collection used appropriate protective clothing to reduce the risk of tick and tick-borne disease exposure.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
