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Authors
Fan, Mengya
Wang, Xuran
Yan, Yangyang
Wang, Lili
Wei, Jiayi
Chen, Guohu
Wang, Yufei
Zan, Junlan
Xu, Lianping
Li, Fengsai
Yan, Shijie
Yang, Shanshan
Rui, Ping
Ma, Zengjun
Liu, Wei
Song, Tao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
he earmarked fund for Hebei Agriculture Research System (HARS), China (HBCT2024220208)
S&T Program of Hebei, China (21324801D)
open project of Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis (KLPCAAB-2025-04)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 23 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All animal experiments in this study (specifically the alpaca immunization) were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology (Approval No. 2025009) and were conducted strictly in accordance with the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. The alpaca used in this study was privately owned by the Qinhuangdao Wildlife Park, and informed consent was formally obtained from the park management for its use in this research.
Consent for publication: No applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
