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Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The pet dog owners and caretakers of semi-pet dogs of the study area were contacted to provide fresh voided faecal samples of dogs. The participation in the study was entirely voluntary and informed consent was obtained from 261 pet owners and caretakers of semi-pet dogs prior to enrolment, including consent to use data pertaining to the dogs’ particulars and associated risk factors. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Advisory committee, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India. The participant details were kept anonymous and data confidentiality was strictly maintained. The study was survey based and did not involve any invasive procedures or experimental interventions on the study subjects.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.