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Authors
Miller, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9437-2451
Cavalli, Camila
Azadian, Amin
Protopopova, Alexandra
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wroclawiu
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (DGECR-2021–00062)
Canada Foundation for Innovation John R. Evans Leaders Fund (40472)
British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2026
Accepted: 13 August 2026
First Online: 29 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the University of British Columbia Animal Care Committee (A22-0170) and Behavioural Research Ethics Board (H23-02193). Informed consent was obtained from all participants for their participation and for the inclusion of their dogs in the study. Participants were free to withdraw at any time if they felt uncomfortable, and sessions could be terminated by any member of the research team if they judged the dog’s stress to be excessive. All participants provided written consent for their images to be recorded.
Consent for publication: Informed consent was obtained from the participant for publication of the photograph in this manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
