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Article History

Received: 10 May 2026

Accepted: 3 September 2026

First Online: 9 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria (Approval No. AEC/02/218/26). Although this study did not involve experimental manipulation of live animals, the approval covers the collection of animal-derived and environmental samples from live bird markets and poultry processing environments. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and national regulations governing animal-related research. Permission to collect samples was obtained from the chairmen of the respective live bird markets prior to sampling. Verbal informed consent was granted before the commencement of sample collection. As the study was conducted in open public market settings and did not involve human subjects or privately owned farms, written consent was not required.

Consent for publication: All the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript for publication.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.