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Article History

Received: 9 July 2026

Accepted: 11 September 2026

First Online: 17 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: For this investigation, ethical approval was obtained from Haramaya University, Research and ethical review committee with Ref. No: HU/169/2024. All participants in the study provided informed consent. For those aged 15 to 18, informed consent was obtained verbally from a parent or legal guardian, along with assent from the minors themselves and participation was entirely voluntary. All animal handling, management, and aseptic jugular blood sampling were performed by qualified veterinarians following international ethical standards (Declaration of Helsinki) for the humane care and use of animals in research. Verbal informed consent was secured from camel owners before sampling.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.