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Article History

Accepted: 23 June 2023

First Online: 17 July 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was not acquired for this research because this was a retrospective secondary analysis of an anonymized market research survey procured through a third-party firm, GeoPoll, for purposes outside the scope of this research. The researchers were never in possession of any personally identifiable information (PII) and did not deploy any interventions through or based on this research. Our primary research question was whether we could produce reliable hyperlocal estimates of attitudinal data, and the answers provided by the survey respondents were not relevant to answering this research question.The survey was administered by GeoPoll to adults over the age of 18 in English, Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. Participants were requested to select their preferred language, prior to asking for their consent to participate. Personal identifiable information (PII) data was neither collected, nor retained. The survey did not ask any sensitive questions about existing health conditions. GeoPoll follows industry guidelines surrounding research ethics, including those set by the European Society of Opinion and Marketing Research (ESOMAR), of which they are an active member.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.