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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital (approval no. 2024R049E01). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013). For participants under the age of 16, informed consent to participate was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. For adult participants, written informed consent was obtained directly from the individuals.

: All patients or their legal guardians provided written informed consent for publication of clinical details and images. Specifically, for patients under the age of 18, written consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians to ensure compliance with ethical guidelines regarding minor participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.