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Authors
Xie, Yuhan
Peng, Gang
Tikhonova, Irina
Enns, Gregory
Zhao, Hongyu
Cowan, Tina
Scharfe, Curt
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD102537)
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures followed the Declaration of Helsinki. This study used de-identified residual dried blood spots from the California Biobank Program (SIS request number 886). The Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of the State of California approved the use of these specimens with a waiver of consent (project no. 13-05-1236), in accordance with the CDPH Biospecimen/Data Use and Confidentiality Agreement. Specimens and data from the California newborn screening program are confidential and protected by strict safeguards. The study was also approved by the institutional review boards at Yale University (protocol no. 1505015917) and Stanford University (protocol no. 30618). Both IRBs independently determined that the study met the criteria for a waiver of consent, as it involved only de-identified specimens and no participant contact.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
