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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocols for SPIROMICS were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the institutional review boards (IRBs) at all participating sites (IRB study approval numbers: AAAE9315 [Columbia University Medical Center IRB], AAAE7603 [Columbia University Medical Center IRB], NA_00035701 [Johns Hopkins Medicine IRB], 21416 [Temple University Office for Human Subjects Protections IRB], 120906004 [University of Alabama at Birmingham IRB for Human Use], 10-03169 [University of California, San Francisco Human Research Protection Program, Committee on Human Research], 2013 − 0939 [University of Illinois at Chicago Office for the Protection of Research Subjects (OPRS)], 00108836 [University of Utah IRB]. All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion.

: Not applicable.

: MTD declares grant support from the NIH, Dept of Defense, and the American Lung Association; contracted clinical trial support from Pulmonx; consulting fees from Apreo and GlaxoSmithKline; royalties from UpToDate. ECO reports grant funding from the NIH outside this work. RGB reports grant funding from the NIH, COPD Foundation and Foundation for the NIH related to this work and the American Lung Association outside this work. TL advises and has equity in Variant Bio and has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie. The remaining authors have declared no conflict of interest.