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Authors
Nasibu, Moski Morisho
Mulakwa, Lambert Morisho https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2070-8280
Chirimwami, Serge Muganda
Amisi, Charles Bamavu
Ahadi, Justin Byamungu
Zakitoka, Rodrigue K.
Bulabula, André N. H.
Bulabula, Ali
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 13 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kindu, Democratic Republic of Congo (approval number: UKMED/CEM/2023/014). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children recruited from health centres. For children recruited from schools, parents or legal guardians provided written authorisation prior to any data or sample collection. In addition, assent was obtained from children aged seven years and above, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All study procedures ensured confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequences.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. No individual person’s data (including images or identifiable information) are included in this manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
