Tackie, Edna
Obiri-Yeboah, Solomon
Mensah, Gideon Okyere
Busch, Tamara D.
Tsri, Bruce
Sabbah, Daniel Kwesi
Asamoah, Christian Opoku
Oti, Alexander Acheampong
Plange-Rhule, Gyikua
Adeyemo, Adebowale A.
Donkor, Peter
Butali, Azeez
Gowans, Lord Jephthah Joojo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-9101
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (DE028300)
National Institutes of Health (K43DE029427)
International Association for Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Research (IADR)/Smile Train Cleft Research Award (2023)
Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 7 July 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at KATH (KATH-IRB/AP/032/20), Kumasi, Ghana. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating families.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.