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Article History

Received: 11 June 2026

Accepted: 4 August 2026

First Online: 8 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study reports secondary analyses of data from the IHAT-GUT trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02941081). The trial protocol was approved by The Gambia Government/MRC Joint Ethics Committee (reference SCC1489), with Clinical Trials Authorisation from the Medicines Control Agency, The Gambia, and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to enrolment. No new participant recruitment, contact, or data collection was undertaken for the present study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: O.O. is founder and CEO of Stercora Biosciences Inc., a company developing Prevotella stercorea-based therapeutics; the findings reported here are directly relevant to that company’s commercial interests. The data reported here were collected and analysis initiated prior to the company’s incorporation. The full analysis pipeline used in this manuscript is publicly available on GitHub for independent review and reproduction by any reader.