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Authors
Chang, Yung-Chieh
Chen, Szu-Jung
Chen, Shang-Hung
Hsiao, Sheng-Yen
Chen, Li-Hsien
Chen, Chung-Hsing
Liu, Chan-Chuan
Chen, Ya-Wen
Liu, Ko-Jiunn
Wu, Shang-Yin
Chu, Jui-Mei
Qiu, Li-Ying
Chiang, Wei-Fan
Hsieh, Hsing-Pang
Hsueh, Wen-Yun
Hsiao, Jenn-Ren
Shen, Meng-Ru
Chang, Jang-Yang
Chang, Kwang-Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5240-2760
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (112-2314-B-038-023, 113-2314-B-038-143)
National Health Research Institutes (CA-113-PP-19)
Ministry of Education
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2025
Accepted: 9 June 2025
First Online: 24 July 2025
Declarations
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: The AI-assisted tool Grammarly was used solely for language refinement, and Enago () provided English editing services. The authors reviewed all content to ensure these tools did not impact data originality and take full responsibility for the final manuscript.
: Studies of human samples were approved by the Independent Review Board of National Health Research Institutes (EC1100212), National Cheng Kung University Hospital (B-ER-110–230), Chi Mei Medical Center (11201-L03). Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of National Health Research Institutes (110017 and 113052).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
