Angelina, Clara Lavita
Xiao, Fu-Ren
Vyas, Sunil
Yang, Pan-Chyr
Chang, Hsuan-Ting
Luo, Yuan
Funding for this research was provided by:
Intelligent Recognition Industry Service Center (The Featured Areas Research Center Program)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 112-2221-E-002-055-MY3)
National Taiwan University (NTU-CC-113L891102)
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 20 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The MRI brain tumor private dataset was processed in accordance with the Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval from National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), under protocol number 202412117RINA.
: All authors have approved the manuscript for submission and publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.