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Authors
Soppela, Saana
Kyröläinen, Henna-Maarit
Levanova, Alesia
Nekoua, Magloire Pandoua
González-Rodríguez, Martín
Lehto, Heini
Ahmad, Kiran L. L.
Guryanov, Sergey
Hytönen, Vesa P.
Laitinen, Olli H.
Junttila, Ilkka S.
Hober, Didier
Butcher, Sarah J.
Hankaniemi, Minna M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, Finland
Paulo Foundation, Finland
Instrumentarium Science Foundation, Finland
Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation, Finland
Tampere University graduate school, Finland
The Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research , Finland
Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Finland (240002)
The Finnish Cultural Foundation, Finland
Business Finland
Research Council of Finland (#369146)
Research Council of Finland (#309455)
The Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility Area of Nordlab , Finland (KT0016)
Fimlab Laboratories, Finland (X51409)
Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Finland (95-7202-38)
Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation (240002)
Tampere Institute of Advanced Studies, Finland
The Finnish Cultural Foundation
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: All animal experiments in this study were carried out following the Finnish Act on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific or Educational Purposes (497/2013) or in compliance with Swedish national laws and the National Institutes of Health guidelines for laboratory animal care. Procedures were approved by the Regional State Administrative Agency, Pirkanmaa, Finland (decision number ESAVI/1408/2021) or by the Stockholm Southern Animal Ethics Board. All animal reporting was conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used. The welfare of the animals was monitored throughout the experiments.
: SS, VPH and MMH are inventors of the patent application FI 20253217 belonging to Innofend Oy, titled Engineered Enterovirus-Like particles and uses thereof. The rights to the invention have been transferred to the company, and thus, no competing interests exist. SS and MMH are shareholders of Innofend Oy. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
