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Article History

Received: 18 July 2018

Accepted: 12 September 2018

First Online: 29 October 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki. This study obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and at each of the twenty-one clinical sites. All participants provided written informed consent for their medical data to be used prior to taking part in the study.Clinical Center and IRB protocol numbers:Ann Arbor VA, Ann Arbor, MI (PCC 2008–110732).Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H-22209).Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (2007-P-000554/2; BWH).Columbia University, New York, NY (IRB-AAAC9324).Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (Pro00004464).Health Partners Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (07–127).Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (NA_00011524).Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (12756–01).Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX (H-22202).Minneapolis VA, Minneapolis, MN (4128-A).Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (07–1029).National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (HS-1883a).Reliant Medical Group, Worcester, MA (1143).Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (11369).University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL (FO70712014).University of California, San Diego, CA (70876).University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (200710717).University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (HUM00014973).University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (0801 M24949).University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (PRO07120059).University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (HSC20070644H).

: C.P. Hersh reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Mylan, personal fees from Concert Pharmaceuticals, all of which are outside the submitted work. In the past three years, E.K. Silverman received honoraria from Novartis for Continuing Medical Education Seminars and grant and travel support from GlaxoSmithKline unrelated to this manuscript. M.H. Cho has received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline. Authors L.P. Hayden, B.A. Raby, and T.H. Beaty have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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