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Article History

Received: 12 September 2023

Accepted: 23 October 2023

First Online: 4 November 2023

Declarations

:

: The COPDGene study (NCT00608764) was approved by the institutional review board at all 21 participating centers. All participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The following are not directly related to the work in this manuscript. BC reports grant support from the American Lung Association, consulting fees from Quantitative Imaging Solutions. RaSJ reports grant support from Lung Biotechnology, Insmed, BI, fees from Imbio, Leuko Labs, and Chiesi, and is a founder and equity holder for Quantitative Imaging Solutions. JLC reports grant support from NIAID, Department of Veteran Affairs, and Department of Defense, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, and Novartis. RuSJ reports consulting fees from Quantitative Imaging Solutions. JDH reports grant support from NHLBI, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Foundation, fees from AstraZeneca. CPH reports grant support from NHLBI, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Foundation, BI, Vertex. SYA reports grant support from NHLBI and Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, equity holder for Quantitative Imaging Solutions. MKH reports grant support form NIH, Sanofi, Novartis, Nuvaira, Sunovion, Gala Therapeutics, COPD Foundation, AstraZeneca, American Lung Association, BI, Biodesix, personal fees from BI, GSK, AZ, and Mylan. GRW reports grant support from BI and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, fees from BI, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Vertex, Pulmonix, Novartis, Philips, and is a founder and equity holder for Quantitative Imaging Solutions.