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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All participants signed an informed consent. All studies were approved by ethics and review boards (Institutional Review Boards [IRB]) at all participating centers. Institution names (IRB names) are as follows: Columbia University Medical Center (Columbia University IRB 2), University of Iowa (University of Iowa IRB-01), Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins IRB-5), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA Medical IRB 1 (MIRB1)), University of Michigan (University of Michigan Medical School Institutional Review Board (IRBMED)), National Jewish Health (National Jewish Health IRB- BRANY IRB), University of California at San Francisco (UCSF IRB Parnassus Panel), Temple University (Temple University IRB A1), University of Alabama at Birmingham (University of Alabama at Birmingham IRB), University of Illinois (University of Illinois IRB), University of Utah (University of Utah IRB), Wake Forest Baptist Health (Wake Forest University Health Sciences IRB), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC Non-Biomedical IRB).

: Not applicable.

: VT declares no competing interests related to this work, grant support from NIH, Grifols and Fisher and Paykel Healthcare outside of this work, and compensation for consulting by Regeneron/Sanofi outside of this work. RP declares support from the NHLBI, and the COPD Foundation related to the current project, and from the Department of Veterans Affairs (research grant) and Partner Therapeutics (consultant) unrelated to the current work. NP declares no competing interests related to this work, grant support from NIH outside of this work, and compensation for advisory board participation by AstraZeneca and Verona Pharma outside of this work. JAK declares no competing interests related to this work, grant support from NIH outside of this work, and compensation for advisory board participation by Genentech, Verona Pharma, Dynamed, AstraZeneca BioVie, RespirAI, Inogen, and Regeneron outside of this work. No other authors reported any other competing interests relevant to this work.