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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at each of the six enrolling centers and all participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare the following competing interests: CFM sits on advisory board for Avalyn Pharma. AJP reports research funding from NHLBI and the American Lung Association, receives consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Regeneron, and Imvaria and received honoraria from the National Association of Continuing Education. RGB reports research funding from the NIH and COPD Foundation, and receives consulting fees from the Environmental Protection Agency and the American Lung Association. GR receives grant funding from the NIH, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, BellerophanBlade Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Electra Therapeutics, Fibrogen, Nitto, Veracyte, Zambon, Roche-Genentech, royalties from UpToDate and sits on advisory boards for Avalyn Pharma and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation. EJH receives grant funding from the NIH, sits on an advisory board for Siemens Healthineers and has stock options in VIDA Diagnostics. JK receives grant funding from NHLBI, Chest, and Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation. MS received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, and Genentech, honoraria from Genentech, France Foundation, and Peer View. JW received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim. CKG reports grant funding from NIH and DOD. JDN reports receiving grant funding from NIH, consulting fees, honoraria, stocks and patents from VIDA Diagnostics and royalties and honoraria from Elsevier. SS reports receiving grant funding from NIH.