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Article History

Received: 9 April 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 15 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the ethics committee of Heidelberg University Hospital (S-S-495/2023).All patients agreed to participate in the study and gave consent for the publication of the collected data in scientific works, with their anonymity preserved.

: PH received lecture fees from Grifols Deutschland GmbH and reimbursement of travel expenses from CSL Behring. FCT received payment lectures or reimbursement of travel expenses from Novartis AG, GlaxoSmithKline, Chiesi, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Grifols and AstraZeneca, CSL Behring and Grifols Deutschland GmbH. OW: Airway analysis technology is licensed to Imbio, L.L.C. MOW received Grants, Consulting Fees and receipt of equipment from Vertex Pharmaceuticals and payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. CPH received consulting fees by Boehringer Ingelheim, lecture fees by AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim and received research funding by Exscientia. RE received honorarium from CSL Behring for serving on an advisory board. KB received payment for lectures or consultation from Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca and Chiesi and a grant from Sarkoidose-Netzwerk e.V, outside the submitted work. SF received lecture fees and reimbursement of travel expenses from CSL-Behring, AstraZeneca, Berlinchemie and grants from “Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)”. JDMZ received grants of G-BA Innovationfond PRiVENT study, payment lectures from AstraZeneca and support for attending meetings from CSL Behring. AOR and HE received reimbursement of travel expenses from CSL Behring. FH received payment for lectures from AstraZeneca, GSK and Chiesi. AB and JB have nothing to disclose.