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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

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: This study was approved by the Albany Medical Center (AMC) Institutional Review Board (study number 6344) and by The Ohio State University (OSU) Biomedical Sciences Institutional Review Board (study number 2014H0380). The study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki, and donors were enrolled after first obtaining informed, written consent.

: MAJ, EDC, GP and SP planned the scope of work, but MAJ and EDC were responsible for generating the research data, with no involvement of Electra Therapeutics. Funding for the human tissue studies (Figs. 1 and 2) was provided by Electra Therapeutics to Albany Medical College in support of MAJ and his colleagues LF, SHA, PJP. Funding for the studies involving the ex vivo human granuloma model (Figs. 3, 4 and 5) was provided by Electra Therapeutics to The Ohio State University in support of the research conducted in the laboratory of EDC. EDC oversaw all aspects of the research, which was carried out by MWJ, SB. Team leaders from Electra Therapeutics (GP, SP), Albany Medical College (MAJ) and The Ohio State University (EDC) collaborated during the final analysis and presentation of the data in the manuscript. Electra Therapeutics paid the publication fees.