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Authors
Meldrum, Oliver W.
Tiew, Pei Yee
Xu, Huiying
Low, Dorrain Yanwen
Ivan, Fransiskus Xaverius
Narayana, Jayanth Kumar
Jaggi, Tavleen Kaur
Ching, Jianhong
Chotirmall, Sanjay H.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
LKCMedicine–ICL Fellowship ((#020458-00001)
National Research Foundation Singapore under its Open Fund-Large Collaborative Grant and administered by the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council (MOH-001636)
Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Clinician-Scientist Individual Research Grant (MOH-001356)
Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Clinician-Scientist Award (CSA) Investigator (INV) category (MOH-001855)
Singapore Ministry of Education under its AcRF Tier 1 Grant (RT1/22)
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 22 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating hospitals and institutions through SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (CIRB) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Review Board (Reference: CIRB 2021/2042 and NTU-IRB IRB-2021-02-040). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
: Not applicable.
: S.H.C has served on advisory boards for CSL Behring, Pneumagen Ltd., Zaccha Pte Ltd, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GSK and Sanofi, on DSMBs for Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and has received personal fees from Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CSL Behring and Chiesi Farmaceutici, all unrelated to this work. All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
