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Authors
Wikki, Irina
Palmu, Joonatan
Kauko, Anni
Havulinna, Aki
Jousilahti, Pekka
Lahti, Leo
Knight, Rob
Salomaa, Veikko
Niiranen, Teemu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
Suomen Lääketieteen Säätiö
European Research Council
MSCA Doctoral Network
Research Council of Finland (330887)
Research Council of Finland (321351, 354447)
Juho Vainion Säätiö
Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research
Wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: The FINRISK 2002 study protocol was approved by the Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Helsinki and Uusimaa University Hospital District (Ref. 558/E3/2001). All participants signed informed consent. The study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki [ ].
: Not applicable.
: RK is an advisor to DayTwo, Ltd.; an advisor to and equity holder of GenCirq, Inc., BiomeSense, Inc., and Cybele Microbiome, Inc.; co-founder and equity holder of Biota Technology, Inc.; and a co-founder, advisor, and equity holder of Micronoma, Inc. RK is also the director of UCSD Center for Microbiome Innovation. TN has received consulting and authoring fees from AstraZeneca, Sevier Finland and Orion Corporation.
