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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Patients without asthma were recruited from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at the University Hospital of Reims (France) and included in the Research and Innovation in Chronic Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases (RINNOPARI, NCT02924818) cohort. The study was approved by the ethics committee (CCP Dijon EST I, N°2016-A00242–49) and was conducted following the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave their written consent to participate. Severe asthma patients were recruited from the Respiratory Diseases Department of the Bichat Hospital (Paris, France). Bronchial biopsies were performed in the lower right lung lobe before bronchial thermoplasty. This protocol (NCT01777360) was approved by the local institutional review board (No. 2012-Sept-13003), and all subjects gave their written informed consent. Nasal polyps were resected at the University Hospital of Reims and the Clinic La Sagesse of Rennes, and included in the Biological Collection (DC-2012–1583, French Ministry of Research), approval n°21–775 of the Institutional Review Board 00003888 Inserm. All subjects gave their written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: JA reports participation in advisory boards and support for attending meetings from Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Sanofi, and Amgen, outside of the submitted work. CT reports consulting fees, honoraria, and/or travel support from AstraZeneca, GSK, Sanofi, Novartis, Stallergenes Greer, Chiesi, LeoPharma, and Celltrion outside the scope of this work. GD reports personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from Boehringer, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from GSK, and personal fees from AstraZeneca; outside the submitted work. JMP reports honoraria for lectures and/or travel support from AstraZeneca, GSK, Stallergenes Greer outside the scope of this work. VD reports receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca outside the scope of this work.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.