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Authors
Benke, Claudia Victoria https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6614-0848
Reiser, Johanna https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6501-818X
D’Amico, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-3440
Sagar, Md Motiur Rahman
Sodini, Nicola
Dreossi, Diego
Contillo, Adriano https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6563-2330
Longo, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-7353
Prašek, Marko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5838-3759
Stern, Stephan
Baratella, Elisa
Cova, Maria Assunta
Confalonieri, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4791-768X
Confalonieri, Paola
Zanconati, Fabrizio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-9579
D’Errico, Stefano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3689-0001
Radaelli, Davide https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-6463
Bruscagin, Tommaso https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6947-8335
Bonazza, Deborah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-6711
Bayat, Sam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8565-0293
Nolte, Philipp https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4022-3818
Neubert, Lavinia
Petzold-Mügge, Christina
Werlein, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-4257
Knudsen, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-3879
Shin, Hoen-oh
Kamp, Jan-Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5002-409X
Hosseini, Ali Seif Amir
Wagner, Willi Linus
Wielpütz, Mark Oliver
Biederer, Jürgen
Kauczor, Hans-Ulrich
Alves, Frauke
Tromba, Giuliana
Dullin, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-8077
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: All porcine lungs used in this study were obtained from a licensed slaughterhouse, where the animals underwent standard veterinary inspection and were handled in accordance with hygiene protocols for fresh meat. The storage, transport, handling, and disposal of these animal by-products were conducted in compliance with national regulations and were registered with the competent veterinary authority. All procedures complied to relevant German legislation, and the pigs were humanely euthanized at the slaughterhouse by the approved captive bolt pistol. Experiments performed on the right lungs from the IPF and RA-associated UIP-pattern fibrosis patients, who had undergone lung transplantation, were approved by the local ethics committee of Hannover Medical School (ethics approval number: 10194 BO K 2022). Written informed consent was obtained from these human research participants included in the study.
: By providing written informed consent to take part in the study, participants consented to anonymized results being published.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
