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Authors
Hu, Haiming
Zu, Yao
Zhao, Lijuan
Zhang, Qing
Zhou, Geer
Xu, Pan
Zhao, Anqi
Yin, Fei
Sharma, Lokesh
Chang, De
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (2025ZD01903600)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2302300)
Talent Project (No. 02-SWKJYCJJ21, No.2021-439, 2022QN07351, 20230315)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
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: The analysis of the MIMIC-IV and SCRIPT databases was conducted using de-identified, publicly available data previously authorized by relevant institutional review boards (IRB), which waived the need for additional ethical approval. The PLAGH cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (No. S2025-113–01). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. All data were handled in compliance with applicable privacy regulations and institutional policies to protect patient confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
