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Article History

Received: 4 September 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University (reference number: S-533/2023). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The authors confirm that the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki in its latest version.

: Not applicable.

: LR, MS, CM, RS, AF: nothing to declare. CAE: received honoraria from MSD and OMT outside the submitted work. EG: has received fees for lectures and/or consultations from Actelion, Bayer/MSD, Ferrer, GSK, Janssen and OMT. Research grants to his institution have been received from Acceleron, Actelion, BayerHealthCare, MSD, Bellerophon, GossamerBio, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, OMT, Pfizer, REATE and United Therapeutics outside of this work. NB: speaker honoraria from University Hospital Zurich outside of this work. PX: received personal fees from MSD and OMT outside the submitted work. SH: received honoraria for lectures, consultancy, or both from Actelion, AOP, Bayer/MSD, GSK, Novartis, OMT, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics out-side the submitted work. BE: received travel fees, consulting fees, speaker fees, and/or honoraria from Janssen, MSD, Bayer and OMT outside the submitted work. MUM: received research funding from Silence and CSL outside of the submitted work.