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Article History

Received: 3 March 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: A protocol for this research was approved by the relevant institutional review boards for the two reference laboratories involved in this study. This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients from Labs A and B approved by written informed consent to the use of anonymised materials for research. No additional blood sampling was performed to obtain material for this project; only unused diagnostic samples.

Consent for publication: This research manuscript does not include data from patients.

Competing interests: J.C.-W. has received grants from Astra Zeneca and Chiesi, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Grifols, MSD, and Sanofi, honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Grifols, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Pfizer, and Sanofi, meeting support from Amgen and Astra Zeneca, has participated in data safety monitoring/advisory boards for Chiesi, MSD, CSL Behring, and Grifols, received medical writing support from CSL Behring, and has leadership roles in European Respiratory Society, Polish Respiratory Society, International Respiratory Coalition, Polish Coalition for Respiratory Disorders, Polish Coalition for Treatment of Asthma, and Polish Foundation for Patients with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. S.O. declares no conflicts of interest. M.P. declares no conflicts of interest. M.B. declares no conflicts of interest. T.P.C. declares no conflicts of interest. T.G. has received grants from Grifols and fees from CSL-Behring, Grifols and Kamada. N.G.M. has received research grants and honoraria from Grifols, has received consulting fees from CSL Behring and Vertex, and has participated in advisory boards for CSL Behring and Vertex. M.M. has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GlaxoSmithKline, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Menarini, Kamada, Takeda, Zambon, Tabuk Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Specialty Therapeutics, Sanofi/Regeneron, Grifols, and Novartis, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Atriva Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, BEAM Therapeutics, GondolaBio, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, CSL Behring, Ferrer, Korrobio, Menarini, Mereo Biopharma, Spin Therapeutics, Specialty Therapeutics, Palobiofarma SL, Takeda, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi/Regeneron, Zambon, Zentiva, and Grifols, and research grants from Grifols. F.R.-F. declares no conflicts of interest. M.-F.O. declares no conflicts of interest. A.R. declares no conflicts of interest. S.S. has received speaker and consulting fees from CSL Behring, and grants from FUCAP (FUNDACIÓ CATALANA DE PNEUMOLOGIA). G.O. declares no conflicts of interest. M.V. has received grants from Grifols. F.Z. declares no conflicts of interest. A.G.C. has received speaker fees and honoraria for participation on advisory board from CSL Behring, and honoraria for manuscript writing from Grifols. M.C.M. declares no conflicts of interest. M.W. reports consultancy fees from CSL Behring. I.F. reports consulting fees from Grifols, and unrestrictive grants from Grifols and CSL Behring.