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Authors
Taki, Arash
Murphy, Barry
Richter, Jakob
Schwenck, Nicolas
Grill, Maximilian J.
Joyce, Mary
Leime, Ciaran O
McNea, Niamh
MacLoughlin, Ronan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Aerogen
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Article History
Received: 12 April 2026
Accepted: 3 August 2026
First Online: 11 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: AT, BM, MJ, COL, NMN and RML are employees of Aerogen Ltd, Ireland. The study design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation were performed by employees of Aerogen Ltd, who are listed as authors. JR, NS and MJG are employees of Ebenbuild GmbH, Germany. Their work on the computational modelling and generation of deposition outputs using the Twinhale ® modelling framework was performed under funding from Aerogen Ltd. The results were reviewed and interpreted by authors from both Ebenbuild and Aerogen. No additional independent external verification of the analysis was performed.The authors declare no additional competing interests.
