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Article History

Received: 28 April 2026

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 14 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This clinical study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (approval number: 2022 − 907). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: CW declares honoraria for lectures, presentations or educational events from Abbvie, Gilead, ViiV Healthcare, Pfizer and MSD and payment for participation in advisory boards for Abbvie, Gilead, ViiV Healthcare, Pfizer, and MSD. RR and AM are employees and hold shares of GSK. GR reports personal fees from Astra Zeneca, Atriva, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Insmed, MSD, Sanofi, Novartis and Pfizer for consultancy during advisory board meetings and personal fees from Astra Zeneca, Berlin Chemie, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Essex Pharma, Grifols, GSK, Insmed, J&J, MSD, Roche, Sanofi, Solvay, Takeda, Novartis, Pfizer and Vertex for lectures. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.