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Article History

Received: 15 July 2022

Accepted: 30 August 2022

First Online: 23 September 2022

Declarations

:

: All data used in the present work are publicly available and anonymized. All contributing studies had received appropriate ethical approval and patient consent at each original GWAS study site, and can be found in the original studies.

: Not applicable.

: EC has received institutional research support from Sanofi, Medtronic, Powder Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Hua Medicine and speaker fees for Sanofi and Novartis. JCNC has received research grants and/or honoraria for consultancy and/or giving lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Hua Medicine, Lee Powder, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Servier, Sanofi and Viatris, holds patents for using biomarkers to predict risks of diabetes and its complications and is a co-founder of GemVCare, a biotechnology company partially supported by the Hong Kong Government startup fund. RCWM is a co-founder of GemVCare, a technology start-up initiated with support from the Hong Kong Government Innovation and Technology Commission and its Technology Start-up Support Scheme for Universities (TSSSU). Other authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to declare.