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Article History

Received: 22 July 2024

Accepted: 23 August 2024

First Online: 3 September 2024

Declarations

:

: Based on the decision of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, the need for ethical approval was waived (decision no. PCN/0022/KB/126/20).

: All authors gave consent for the publication of the article.

: G.Y.H.L. is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Anthos and Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are received personally. G.Y.H..L is a NIHR Senior Investigator and co-PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement No 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalised management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement No 101136244) and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long term conditions (grant agreement No 101080189), which are all funded by the EU’s Horizon Europe Research & Innovation programme. G.B. is Study Coordinator of ARISTOTELES (Applying ARtificial Intelligence to define clinical trajectorieS for personalized predicTiOn and early deTEction of comorbidity and muLtimorbidity pattErnS) Grant from Horizon Europe (HORIZON-HLTH-2022-STAYHLTH-01- Grant 101080189). G.B. received small speaker’s fee from Bayer, Boston, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brystol Myers Squibb, Janssen, and Sanofi. UA has received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Procter & Gamble, Viatris, Grunenthal and Sanofi for educational meetings and funding for attendance to an educational meeting from Diiachi Sankyo. UA has also received investigator-led funding by Procter & Gamble and is a council member of the Royal Society of Medicine's Vascular, Lipid & Metabolic Medicine Section. HK received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim. JG received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bioton, Polfa Tarchomin, Medtronic, Roche, and Abbott. KN received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bioton, Polfa Tarchomin, Roche, and Abbott. All other authors report no disclosures.

: Not applicable.