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Article History

Received: 20 October 2024

Accepted: 26 January 2025

First Online: 15 February 2025

Declarations

:

: Based on the decision of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, the need for ethical approval was waived (decision no. PCN/0022/KB/126/20).

: All authors gave consent for the publication of the article.

: Not applicable.

: G.L. is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Anthos and Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are received personally. G.L. is a NIHR Senior Investigator and co-PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement No 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalised management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement No 101136244) and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long term conditions (grant agreement No 101080189), which are all funded by the EU’s Horizon Europe Research & Innovation program. U.A. has received investigator-led funding form Proctor & Gamble. U.A. has received honoraria from Viatris, Grünenthal, Eli Lilly, Procter & Gamble, and Sanofi for educational meetings. U.A. has received funding for attendance to an international medical conference from Diiachi Sankyo. U.A. is member of the Royal Society of Medicine’s Vascular, Lipid & Metabolic Medicine Section (Unpaid). K.N. received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim and received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Sanofi Aventis. H.K. received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim and received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Sanofi Aventis. Others declared none conflict of interest.