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Authors
Ma, Zhuang
Wu, Lanlan
Huang, Zheng
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Article History
Received: 10 February 2025
Accepted: 2 June 2025
First Online: 14 June 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) provided informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The study was conducted in accordance with local regulations and institutional guidelines. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or their legal guardians/next of kin, in compliance with national legislation and institutional requirements.
