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Authors
Cheng, Jing
Cheng, Qi
Wu, Yingting
Yin, Jiashun
He, Fei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research in Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province (2023AH050722)
Key high-school scientific research program of Anhui Province (2023AH053177)
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Article History
Received: 8 May 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 24 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, a publicly available de-identified critical care database. Ethical approval for the creation and maintenance of MIMIC-IV was granted by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), with a waiver of informed consent due to the retrospective and anonymized nature of the data. All authors completed the required National Institutes of Health (NIH) training on human research participant protection and obtained data access authorization through the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI Program) certification (Record ID: 66379984). No additional ethics approval was required for this secondary analysis of de-identified data. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Not applicable. This study used de-identified data from the MIMIC-IV database, which contains no personally identifiable information. Therefore, individual patient consent for publication was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
