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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 11 October 2025

Declarations

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: GFR reports consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim and an educational grant from Anthos, outside the submitted work. No fees are directly received personally. GB reports small speaker fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston, BMS, Daiichi, Sanofi, Janssen outside the submitted work. TFC reported honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. BO has one disclosure AstraZeneca DSMB, Consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim. MVH has been receiving research grants from the Dutch Healthcare Fund, Dutch Heart Foundation, BMS-Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim and consulting fees from BMS-Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim to the institution. All other authors have nothing to declare. MP is national leader of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in atrial fibrillation, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 899871. GYHL has been consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Anthos and Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are directly received personally. All the disclosures happened outside the submitted work. GYHL is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator and co-principal investigator of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 899871.