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Article History

Received: 26 August 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Declarations

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: This study was conducted using de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network. All patient data are anonymized in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and US federal law. No patient-level identifiers are accessible within TriNetX. In accordance with these conditions, institutional review board (IRB) approval and informed consent were not required.

: G.Y.H.L. has been a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Anthos, and Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are directly received personally. All the disclosures happened outside the submitted work. He is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator Emeritus and co-PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement No 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalized management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement No 101136244), and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long-term conditions (grant agreement No 101080189), which are all funded by the EU's Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program. G.B. reported small speaker fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, and Sanofi outside of the submitted work. G.B. is the Principal Investigator of the ARISTOTELES project (Applying ARtificial Intelligence to define clinical trajectorieS for personalized predicTiOn and early deTEction of comorbidity and muLti-morbidity pattErnS) that received funding from the European Union within the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 101080189). U.A. has received honoraria from Viatris, Grünenthal, Eli Lilly, Sanofi and Procter & Gamble for educational meetings, investigator-led funding from Proctor & Gamble and received sponsorship to attend educational meetings from Daiichi Sankyo and Sanofi. The other authors did not report conflicts of interest to disclose outside of the submitted work.